TIAL morphemes and examples
Eng English glosses
dfn terms defined in this chapter
ref terms defined in other chapters
Tag interlinear tags
The relational verbs are the ones that are usually translated as prepositions and therefore usually take objects.
gatto ina kaso.
"The cat is in the house."
A secondary predicate is (in TIAL) most often an adjective or a relational verb (usually with its object) having the same subject referent as one of the arguments of a primary verb, conjunct verb, or other host verb.
There are two kinds of secondary predicates: resultative, which specifies a result of the host verb's action, and depictive, where the condition of one of the arguments of the host verb is specified at then time of the action.
The subject of a secondary predicate is implicit and can be the host verb's subject or one of its objects, but that of a resultative is limited to the entity that is affected by the host verb's action; this means that if the host verb takes an object, it's that object's referent that's implied.
"Janno manja karno krude."
"John ate the meat raw."
(depictive; the meat [object] was raw)
"Janno manja karno nude."
"John ate the meat nude."
(depictive; John [subject] was nude)
"Mario perkussa diagramo da sintakso plane."
"Mary hammered the syntax-diagram flat."
(resultative; the syntax-diagram [object] became flat)
"me kita gatto ina kaso."
"I left the cat in the house."
(resultative; the cat [object] ends up in the house)
"Mario beve insane."
"Mary drank herself silly."
(resultative; Mary [subject] became silly)
Note that in the last example, TIAL doesn't use the reflexive pronoun.
Cause, means, and purpose are specified using the subordinating conjunctions koz "because", us "by means of", and par "in order to", respectively. These have the verbal counterparts koza, usa, and para, used when the cause, means, or purpose is expressed using a phrase rather than a clause. The verbs are also used preceding ke "what" to form the corresponding interrogative adverbs.
damo manje koza ke?
"Why did the woman eat?"
damo manje koz le fame.
"The woman ate because she was hungry."
damo manja karno usa furko.
"The woman ate the meat with a fork"
An adverb of manner differs from a secondary predicate semantically. A typical example pair is:
"Janno kita kwarto irat-?-mod-e."
"John left the room angrily."
(adverb of manner; John may have been pretending to be angry)
"Janno kita kwarto irate."
"John left the room angry."
(secondary predicate; possibly nobody realized it because John was smiling)
| ina | in(side) | krude | raw |
| kaso | house | kwarto | room |
| kita | leave | nude | naked |
Translate into English:
1. .
Translate into TIAL:
1. .
page started: 2010.Jun.27 Sun
current date: 2012.May.11 Fri
content and form originated by qiihoskeh
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