| Ring A next: | Dothraki |
| Ring A previous: | merechi |
A boy is afraid. He says to me: “In the evening a fox will come to the village!”
He doesn’t know that the fox is actually in a burrow.
He asks: “Will the fox be hungry? Will it look inside a hole in a tree? Foxes live in a burrow, so they can enter holes, it’s a fact! I don’t want the fox to eat Tomas!”
“Is Tomas healthy?” I ask.
The boy answers, saying that Tomas looks for water in a hole of a tree.
“Is Tomas a bird?” I ask.
The boy says that his grandfather’s spirit went into a bird. The boy’s grandfather was called Tomas. The grandfather was injured on the left hand, and the bird is injured on the left wing.
Therefore the boy doesn’t want the fox to eat the bird.
Wił ja zŏlnê. Śam vŏṛa zin zŭ: xaṛ śun drinü ģenṛa sena ķa źönvo!
Vavöm vŏṛa zŭ dê ślaźa ja ģen pavjadvö.
Bag zŭ: Muźagλixü ja ģen? Mumisü lünvo lêmê zanvö? Bjan ģenṛa pavjad, reņ śôn zṛiṛ lêm, lê ślaź! Vakjêm ziṛa zŭ ķigki ģenṛa Tomas! — swa ja zŏlnê.
Mubṛôn Tomas? bag ziṛa.
Vêg ja zŏlnê, śama zŭ rôkra Tomasṛa pen lêmvö zanê.
Mujö ja Tomas tiṛ? bag ziṛa.
Śam ja zŏlnêṛa zŭ zṛiṛen wurma zartadi tiṛ. Logen zartadna zŏlnêi Tomas. Dṛêgen ja zartad kiṛvi trav, au dṛêg ja tiṛ jêṛvi trav.
Reņ vakjêm ja zŏlnêṛa zŭ ķigki ja ģenṛa ja tiṛ.
| art | article |
| aux | auxiliary verb |
| conj | conjunction |
| n | noun |
| ns | noun suffix |
| prep | preposition |
| pron | pronoun |
| v | verb |
| vp | verb prefix |
| vs | verb suffix |
| au | [ɑu] | (conj) | and (joins two clauses). |
| bag | [bɑɡ] | (v) | to ask, inquire. |
| bjan | [bjɑn] | (v) | to reside, dwell, live at/in, inhabit. |
| bṛôn | [bɻon] | (v) | healthy. |
| dê | [de] | (v) | to be located; at, on, in the same place as. |
| drin | [drin] | (v) | to arrive, come. |
| dṛêg | [dɻeɡ] | (v) | to hurt, harm, damage, injure. |
| ģen | [ɟɛn] | (n) | a kind of furry animal with a long bushy tail [fox]. |
| ja | [jɑ] | (art) | the (definite article for animate nouns). |
| jêṛ | [jeɻ] | (n) | wing (of bird, bat, insect, etc.). |
| jö | [jø] | (v) | to be (one of a group, a kind of). |
| kiṛ | [kiɻ] | (n) | hand. |
| kjêm | [kjem] | (v) | to want, desire, wish for. |
| ķa | [cɑ] | (art) | the (definite article for abstract nouns). |
| ķig | [ciɡ] | (v) | to eat. |
| lê | [le] | (v) | to be (refer to the same thing). |
| lêm | [lem] | (n) | hole, opening, orifice, cavity. |
| log | [lɔɡ] | (v) | to call, name, label. |
| lün | [lyn] | (n) | interior, inside. |
| mis | [mis] | (v) | to look at, examine, inspect. |
| pavjad | [pɑvjɑd] | (n) | tunnel, burrow. |
| pen | [pɛn] | (n) | water, liquid. |
| reņ | [rɛɲ] | (conj) | so, thus, therefore. |
| rôk | [rok] | (v) | to look for, seek, search.. |
| sen | [sɛn] | (v) | to go to; (prep) to. |
| swa | [swɑ] | (prep) | according to; by. |
| śam | [ɕɑm] | (v) | to state, assert. |
| ślaź | [ɕlɑʑ] | (n) | fact.. |
| śôn | [ɕon] | (aux) | can, to be able (to). |
| śun | [ɕun] | (n) | evening.. |
| tiṛ | [tiɻ] | (n) | a feathered animal [bird]. |
| Tomas | [tɔmɑs] | (n) | (proper name). |
| trav | [trɑv] | (v) | left(-hand). |
| vêg | [veɡ] | (v) | to answer, reply. |
| vŏ | [vɤ] | (pron) | he, she, it, him, her, they. |
| vöm | [vøm] | (v) | to know, be aware of. |
| wił | [wiɬ] | (v) | to be afraid, to fear. |
| wur | [wur] | (n) | spirit, soul, ghost. |
| xaṛ | [xɑɻ] | (prep) | at, in. |
| zan | [zɑn] | (n) | tree. |
| zartad | [zɑrtɑd] | (n) | grandfather. |
| zi | [zi] | (pron) | I, me, my. |
| zŏlnê | [zɤlne] | (n) | (young) boy (immature male). |
| zṛiṛ | [zɻiɻ] | (v) | to enter, go into. |
| zŭ | [zɯ] | (pron) | that (the following); (conj) that, to. |
| źagλix | [ʑɑɡɮix] | (v) | hungry, needing food (food-required). |
| źön | [ʑøn] | (n) | town, village. |
| mu- | [mu] | (vp) | question. |
| va- | [vɑ] | (vp) | negative. |
| -a | [ɑ] | (ns) | genitive (abstract, consonant-final). |
| -a | [ɑ] | (vs) | active participle. |
| -en | [ɛn] | (vs) | past perfective. |
| -ê | [e] | (ns) | genitive (inanimate). |
| -i | [i] | (ns) | genitive (animate). |
| -ki | [ki] | (vs) | subjunctive mood. |
| -ma | [mɑ] | (ns) | ergative (abstract). |
| -n | [n] | (ns) | dative (animate, vowel-final). |
| -na | [nɑ] | (ns) | dative (animate/abstract, consonant-final). |
| -ra | [rɑ] | (vs) | habitual aspect. |
| -ṛa | [ɻɑ] | (ns) | ergative (animate). |
| -vi | [vi] | (ns) | locative (animate). |
| -ü | [y] | (vs) | future perfective. |
| -vo | [vɔ] | (ns) | locative (abstract). |
| -vö | [vø] | (ns) | locative (inanimate). |
The basic word order is verb-initial (VSO). The main verb is followed by a series of noun phrases, which are inflected for case on the head noun. A modifier such as an auxiliary verb, adverb, or prepositional phrase may precede the main verb. Clauses may be joined by conjunctions between them, such as "au" (and) or "źin" (but).
The head noun in a noun phrase may be preceded by an optional article or classifier, and followed by adjectives or other modifiers. (No classifiers are used in this text.) A verb root coming after a noun can be used as an adjective.
There is no grammatical number in Jarda: nouns and pronouns may be singular or plural according to context.
Nouns in Jarda fall into one of three classes (genders), each of which has two declension classes (consonant-final and vowel-final). Nouns are inflected for case, adding a suffix to indicate one of six cases (ergative, genitive, dative, ablative, instrumental, and locative). The basic form of a noun without an added suffix is the absolutive case. Ablative and instrumental cases are not used in this text.
Absolutive case: the object of most transitive verbs and most prepositions; the subject of intransitive verbs; agent, experiencer, patient.
Ergative case: the subject of transitive verbs; agent.
Genitive case: used as an adverb or adjective to modify the verb or noun that it follows.
Dative case: the indirect object of transitive verbs; beneficiary, direction, recipient.
Locative case: place or time where an action occurs.
Verbs are inflected for mood, tense, and aspect. Only the subjunctive and indicative moods are used in this text. The subjunctive has various usages: in this text it marks a dependent clause. Tense is optionally marked; context determines the tense in cases where it is unmarked. Jarda has three tenses (past, present, future) and three aspects (perfective, imperfective, and habitual).
The habitual aspect is used for actions that are customary or repeated; the imperfective aspect is used for actions in progress (continuous or progressive). The default aspect for uninflected verbs is perfective (actions viewed as a whole).
Tenses in Jarda are relative; the past and future tense may refer to events in the time being discussed (not necessarily the time of speaking).
Participles are derived from verbs, and may be used as adjectives or prepositions. For example, the active participle of the verb "sam" (to come from) is "sama", which can mean "coming", "coming from" or simply "from".
The pronoun "zŭ" represents the following clause or sentence; it can act as a subordinating conjunction like "that" or introduce reported speech. Another way to indicate reported speech is to use the preposition "swa" (according to) after the quotation.
| wił | ja | zŏlnê. |
| V | ART | N[ABS]. |
| śam | vŏ-ṛa | zi-n | zŭ: |
| V | PRON-ERG | PRON-DAT | PRON[ABS]: |
| xaṛ | śun | drin-ü | ģen-ṛa | sen-a | ķa | źön-vo! |
| PREP | N[ABS] | V-FUT.PFV | N-ERG | V-ACT.PTCP | ART | N-LOC! |
| va-vöm | vŏ-ṛa | zŭ | dê | ślaź-a | ja | ģen | pavjad-vö. |
| NEG-V | PRON-ERG | PRON[ABS] | V | N-GEN | ART | N[ABS] | N-LOC. |
| bag | zŭ: | mu-źagλix-ü | ja | ģen? |
| V | PRON[ABS]: | Q-V-FUT.PFV | ART | N[ABS]? |
| mu-mis-ü | lün-vo | lêm-ê | zan-vö? |
| Q-V-FUT.PFV | N-LOC | N-GEN | N-LOC? |
| bjan | ģen-ṛa | pavjad, | reņ | śôn | zṛiṛ | lêm, | lê | ślaź! |
| V | N-ERG | N[ABS], | CONJ | V.AUX | V | N[ABS], | V | N[ABS]! |
| va-kjêm | zi-ṛa | zŭ | ķig-ki | ģen-ṛa | Tomas! |
| NEG-V | PRON-ERG | PRON[ABS] | V-SBJV | N-ERG | N[ABS]! |
| — | swa | ja | zŏlnê. |
| PREP | ART | N[ABS]. |
| mu-bṛôn | Tomas? | bag | zi-ṛa. |
| Q-V | N[ABS] | V | PRON-ERG. |
| vêg | ja | zŏlnê, |
| V | ART | N[ABS], |
| śam-a | zŭ | rôk-ra | Tomas-ṛa | pen | lêm-vö | zan-ê. |
| V-ACT.PART | PRON[ABS] | V-HAB | N-ERG | N[ABS] | N-LOC | N-GEN. |
| mu-jö | ja | Tomas | tiṛ? | bag | zi-ṛa. |
| Q-V | ART | N[ABS] | N[ABS]? | V | PRON-ERG. |
| śam | ja | zŏlnê-ṛa | zŭ | zṛiṛ-en | wur-ma | zartad-i | tiṛ. |
| V | ART | N-ERG | PRON[ABS] | V-PST.PFV | N-ERG | N-GEN | N[ABS]. |
| log-en | zartad-na | zŏlnê-i | Tomas. |
| V-PST.PFV | N-DAT | N-GEN | N[ABS]. |
| dṛêg-en | ja | zartad | kiṛ-vi | trav, |
| V-PST.PFV | ART | N[ABS] | N-LOC | V, |
| au | dṛêg | ja | tiṛ | jêṛ-vi | trav. |
| CONJ | V | ART | N[ABS] | N-LOC | V. |
| reņ | va-kjêm | ja | zŏlnê-ṛa | zŭ | ķig-ki | ja | ģen-ṛa | ja | tiṛ. |
| CONJ | NEG-V | ART | N-ERG | PRON[ABS] | V-SBJV | ART | N-ERG | ART | N[ABS]. |
page started: 2018.Feb.02 Fri
current date: 2018.Feb.15 Thu
content originated by Herman Miller
form originated by qiihoskeh
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