First: | Dec04 Original |
Ring A previous: | Ilaini |
One day, a child was afraid for us.
The child said that a wolf was walking toward the town.
The wolf knew that the child was at the green cave.
"Is the wolf hungry?"
"Is the wolf looking for the green cave?"
The wolf could easily walk to the green cave.
The wolf wanted to eat Toma.
"Does he want to eat me?"
"Who are you, Toma? How are you?"
The child said, "This bird's grandfather is a spirit."
"How is the spirit named?"
The spirit acted so that a hand restrained the evil bird.
The bird's wolf wants to eat the child.
At one time, it transpired that this child was afraid for us.
The child said that a wolf was walking to the town.
The wolf knew that the child was at the green cave.
"Is the wolf hungry?"
"Is the wolf looking for the green cave?"
The wolf could easily walk to the green cave.
The wolf wanted to eat Toma.
"Does he want to eat me?"
"Who are you, Toma? How are you?"
The child said, "This bird's grandfather is an apparition."
"What's the apparition's name?"
The apparition acted so that the evil bird was restrained by a hand.
The bird's wolf wanted to eat the child.
yu gižuš niya golbanok yumbo sitek.
yu xurčaš žentu kotmeyok pi gižuš pertek.
gižuš slin lerku takok pi xurčaš šentek.
xurčaš nyaxok če kwa.
xurčaš slin lerku loherok če kwa.
xurčaš slin lerku hwiz gwan kotme pi zigotek.
xurčaš tma pnuč pi beltek.
nipnuč pi belok če kwa.
čayu han tmabo? čunason? kwa.
yu čupxo sufax ta'iš lifter hak kwa pi gižuš pertek.
lifteru čar kanok kwa.
doxal čupu yu tismo tyašmak 'et liftermo skirtek.
gižu pnuč pi čupxo xurčaš beltek.
The sequences iy, ey, aw, and uw lose the glide except before a vowel.
Word classes appearing are verbs, nouns, and particles. Verb stems have up to 4 consonants and requiring vowel insertions to be complete. Where necessary to break up clusters, <o> is inserted. Each noun is inherently either animate or inanimate.
-0 | singular accusative |
-bo | singular vocative |
-mo | singular instrumental (consonant stems) |
-n | singular instrumental (vowel stems) |
-š | singular nominative (vowel stems) |
-u | singular nominative (consonant stems) |
-x | singular genitive (vowel stems) |
-xo | singular genitive (consonant stems) |
ču- | interrogative quantity (= degree for scalar verb) |
ni- | 1st person singular object |
These are inserted before the last consonant of the root or stem, but follow the single consonant of the copula.
<a> | passive, animate subject |
<e> | active, inanimate object |
<i> | passive, inanimate subject |
<u> | active, animate object |
-0 | non-finite, present tense |
-k | finite, 3rd person subject (or any plural) |
-ma | future tense |
-n | finite, 2nd person singular subject |
-o | finite, present tense |
-te | past tense |
Tense precedes the subject person (there are no evidentials used here).
Argument phrases precede the verb and conjunctions follow. The most topical argument appears first; the last argument may be the focus. An accusative phrase with a passive verb specifies a location. Nouns follow their modifiers; if no determiner appears, the phrase is definite. Direct quotations have a terminating particle but not a beginning particle.
NA | noun, animate |
NAP | noun, animate, proper |
NI | noun, inanimate |
VA | verb, actional |
VD | verb, ditransitive |
VE | verb, experiential scalar |
VR | verb, relational |
VS | verb, descriptive scalar |
VT | verb, transitive |
VX | verb, other |
adv | adverb |
conj | conjunction |
det | determiner |
part | other particle |
pron | pronoun |
bl | VT | want |
čar | pron | what |
čayu | pron | who(m) |
če | part | (PQ polar question) |
čup | NA | bird |
dxl | VS | evil |
gižu | NA | child |
glbn | VR | afraid for |
gwa | NI | manner |
h | VX | (COP copula) |
hwz | VS | easy |
kn | VR | be named |
ktmy | VA | walk to |
kwa | part | (QUO terminates direct quote) |
lerku | NI | cave |
lhr | VT | seek |
lifter | NI | apparition |
niya | pron | 1st person exclusive plural |
ns | VS | well, okay (not necessarily health) |
nyx | VE | hungry |
pi | conj | (CPL terminates complement clause) |
pnč | VT | eat |
pr | VD | tell, say |
skr | VA | do, act |
sln | VS | green |
sufa | NA | parent |
sy | VX | become known |
šm | VA | know fact |
ta'i | NA | father |
tis | NI | hand |
tk | VR | at, with |
tma | NAP | Toma (name) |
tyš | VT | restrain |
xurča | NA | wolf |
yu | det | indefinite (IND) |
yumbo | adv | sometime |
zg | VX | can, able, possible (PP) |
žentu | NI | town |
'et | conj | for, so that (purpose) |
page started: 2018.Feb.02 Fri
current date: 2018.Feb.02 Fri
content and form originated by qiihoskeh
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