Learn TIAL

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Chapter 3: Pronouns and Polarity

TIAL morphemes and examples
Eng English glosses
dfn terms defined in this chapter
ref terms defined in other chapters
Tag interlinear tags

3.1 Personal Pronouns

The personal pronouns are summarized in the table below. Unlike some familiar languages,

• there are no formal-informal distinctions,
• the same form of each pronoun is used for both subject and object, and
• the 1st person Plural distinguishes between an Inclusive form, where the pronoun's referent includes the addressee(s), and an Exclusive form, where it doesn't.

Table 3 - Personal Subject Pronouns

Word	Tag	Gloss	Notes	Word	Tag	Gloss	Notes
me	1S	I	1st person Singular	nas	1XP	we	1st person Exclusive Plural
				os	1NP	we	1st person Inclusive Plural
te	2S	you	2nd person Singular	vas	2P	you	2nd person Plural

me felice.   "I'm happy."
nas kante.   "We (but not you) sang."

3.2 Polarity

A polar question is one that expects a yes (affirmative) or no (negative) answer and is distinguished by the presence of the polar question particle ci at the start of the sentence. The particle si is "yes" and no is "no".

ci Janno felice?   "Is John happy?"
no.   "No."
ci Tomaso kurre?   "Did Thomas run?"
si.   "Yes."
ci os kante?   "Will we (all) sing?"

The particle no is also used to negate the verb (or any other component, for that matter); it appears immediately before the verb (or whatever it negates). Also, the particle si may be used to affirm a verb (or other component) in the face of a prior or expected negation; it also appears immediately before what it modifies.

Janno no felice.   "John isn't happy."
Tomaso si kurre.   "Thomas did run."

Vocabulary

juvyne

young

vetre

old

Exercises

Translate into English:
1. ci cikko juvyne?
2. damo no kante.

Translate into TIAL:
1. The man is not old.
2. Is the cat happy?

page started: 2010.Jun.26 Sat
current date: 2012.May.07 Mon
content and form originated by qiihoskeh

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