Legend: Definitions, Terms, <Text>, «apa», -Tags-, and "Glosses".
Note: The English translations of tense, mood, and aspect are not always the exact translations or the only translations.
There are 2 aspects: perfect and non-perfect, 3 moods: realis, irrealis, and imperative, and 2 tenses: relative and absolute.
Non-perfect aspect is either stative, progressive, or aoristic, according to whether the verb stem denotes a state, process, or event, respectively.
The imperative is used for commands (2nd person), "Let's" forms (Inclusive person), and suggestions or indirect commands otherwise. The irrealis is used when the situation is not known to have occurred or be occurring as well as when it hasn't yet occurred.
When the word's particle is final or major, the absolute forms are used for present time and the relative forms for past time.
| Symbol | Name | State | Event | Process | Mood |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [ | Pluperfect | "had seen" | "had given" | "had walked" | Realis |
| ' | Perfect | "has seen" | "has given" | "has walked" | |
| \ | Imperfect | "saw" | "gave" | "was walking" | |
| = | Present | "sees" | - | "is walking" | |
| ] | Conditional Perfect | "would have seen" | "would have given" | "would have walked" | Irrealis |
| ` | Future Perfect | "will have seen" | "will have given" | "will have walked" | |
| / | Conditional | "would see" | "would give" | "would be walking" | |
| ; | Future | "will see" | "will give" | "will be walking" | |
| . | Imperative | - | "give!" | "walk!" | Imperative |
When the particle is minor, the absolute forms are not used.
| Symbol | Name | State | Event | Process | Mood |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [ | Perfect | "having seen" | "having given" | "having walked" | Realis |
| \ | Present | "seeing" | - | "walking" | |
| ] | Future Perfect | "going to see"? | "going to give" | "going to walk"? | Irrealis |
| / | Future | "going to see" | - | "going to walk" |
When the particle is null, absolute forms are used for utterance time in a past or future context, while relative forms are used in normal cases.
| Symbol | Name | State | Event | Process | Mood |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [ | Perfect | "having seen" | "having given" | "having walked" | Realis |
| ' | Perfect Absolute | "having now seen" | "having now given" | "having now walked" | |
| \ | Present | "seeing" | - | "walking" | |
| = | Present Absolute | "now seeing" | - | "now walking" | |
| ] | Future Perfect | "going to see"? | "going to give" | "going to walk"? | Irrealis |
| ` | Future Perfect Absolute | "now going to see"? | "now going to give" | "now going to walk"? | |
| / | Future Absolute | "going to see" | - | "going to walk" | |
| ; | Future | "now going to see" | - | "now going to walk" |
| (1.1) | 3p\sng.t |
|---|---|
| "Let's all sing!" |
| (1.2) | ]fsh/rar | 2[et.f |
|---|---|---|
| "Don't eat that rare fish!" | ||
The adverbials apply only to words with final or major particles. When a time-when or temporal distance adverbial appears, the sentence must have either past or future time.
| Symbol | Name | State | Event | Process | Time |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| \ | Imperfect | "saw" | "gave" | "walked" | Past |
| [ | Pluperfect | "had seen" | "had given" | "had walked" | |
| ] | Conditional Perfect | "would have seen" | "would have given" | "would have walked" | |
| ; | Future | "will see" | "will give" | "will walk" | Future |
| ` | Future Perfect | "will have seen" | "will have given" | "will have walked" | |
| / | Conditional | "would see" | "would give" | "would walk" |
| (2.1) | ;o/0 | jraf/1 | boy[se\t |
|---|---|---|---|
| "When did the boy see the giraffe?" | |||
| (2.2) | [dy/1\a | jraf/1 | boy[se;t |
|---|---|---|---|
| "The boy will see the giraffe tomorrow." | |||
| (2.3) | hor/3g | 1p\wlk\t |
|---|---|---|
| "We walked for more than 3 hours." | ||
| (2.4) | o/5 | rabt/wht | mn[se't |
|---|---|---|---|
| "The man has seen the white rabbit 5 times." | |||
The condition and the conclusion may differ in tense-mood-aspect. However, when the tense-mood-aspect of the condition and conclusion are the same, they are marked identically.
| (3.1) | mn/hvy | chr/old | 4]sit2;i | 4/brk;t |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| "If the heavy man sits on the old chair, it will break." | ||||
| (3.2) | mn/hvy | chr/old | 4]sit2\i | 4/brk\t |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| "If the heavy man sat on the old chair, it broke." | ||||
| (3.3) | mn/hvy | chr/old | 4]sit2]i | 4/brk]t |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| "If the heavy man had sat on the old chair, it would've broken." | ||||
page started: 2022.Feb.19 Sat
current date: 2022.Feb.24 Thu
content and form originated by qiihoskeh
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