Legend: Definitions, Terms, <Text>, [IPA], -Tags-, and "Glosses".
The protolanguage has 22 phonemes: 4 vowels and 18 consonants.
| front | central | back | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| high | i | i | - | - | - | u | u | |||||
| mid | - | ə | ë | - | ||||||||
| low | - | a | a | - | - | |||||||
| labial | coronal | dorsal | guttural | ||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| nasal | voiced | m | m | - | - | n | n* | - | ɲ | n* | ŋ | n* | - | - | |||||||
| stop | voiced | b | b | - | - | d | d | - | - | g | g | - | - | ||||||||
| voiceless | p | p | - | - | t | t | - | - | k | k | - | ʔ | ' | ||||||||
| fricative | voiceless | - | f | f | θ | þ | s | s | - | - | x | x | - | ɑ̥ | h | ||||||
| rhotic | voiced | - | - | r | r | - | - | - | |||||||||||||
| vocoid | voiced | - | - | l | l | - | j | y | - | w | w | - | - | ||||||||
Protolanguage syllables: CV.
The protolanguage stress appears on the penult; there's no secondary stress.
| 1. | i | > | 0 | / | j __ | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| u | > | 0 | / | w __ | |||
| 2. | t, d | > | t͡s, d͡z | / | __ (i, u) | ||
| k, g | > | t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ | / | __ i | |||
| s, x | > | ʃ, ç | / | __ i | |||
| 3. | i, u | > | ʲ, ʷ | / | C[-Voc] __ (C[-Voc], C[+Nas], #) | ||
| 4. | ə | > | 0 | / | ? | iff unstressed | |
| 5. | j, w | > | i, u | / | __ (C, #) | ||
| 6. | r, l | > | a, ɔ | / | C __ (C, #) | ||
| 7. | ɑ̥ | > | ɑ | / | __ (C, #) | ||
| 8. | ɑ̥ | > | h | ||||
| 9. | 0 | > | ə | / | (b, d, g) __ (C[-Res], #) | ||
| 0 | > | ə | / | (#C, CC) __ (C[-Res], #) | |||
| 10. | ə, a | > | i, ɛ | / | __ Cʲ | ||
| ə, a | > | u, ɔ | / | __ Cʷ | |||
| 11. | ʲ & ʷ | > | 0 | / | VC __ | ||
| 12. | ʲ, ʷ | > | i, u | / | ? | ||
| 13. | ii, iu, iɑ | > | iː, uː, eː | ||||
| ui, uu, uɑ | > | iː, uː, oː | |||||
| əi, əu, əɑ & aɑ | > | eː, oː, aː | |||||
| 14. | ə, ɑ | > | ɛ, ɔ | ||||
| 15. | ai, au | > | ɛ, ɔ | / | __ (CC, C#) | ||
| 16. | nj, xj, rj | > | ɲ, ç, d͡ʒ | ||||
| kw, gw, xw | > | kʷ, gʷ, ʍ | |||||
| 17. | j | > | 0 | / | (C[+Cor], ç) __ | ||
| w | > | 0 | / | C[-Rho] __ | |||
| 18. | Stress shifts to antepenult or penult if possible. | ||||||
| 19. | iː, uː, eː, oː, aː | > | i, u, ɛ ɔ, a | ||||
| 20. | x, w | > | χ, v | ||||
The tense marking words become prefixes somewhere between rules 4 and 9. The other markers are already affixes before rule 1.
page started: 2016.Nov.11 Fri
current date: 2016.Nov.26 Sat
content and form originated by qiihoskeh
Table of Contents