Legend: Definitions, Terms, <Text>, [IPA], -Tags-, and "Glosses".
The word classes are verbs, which are inflected, and various kinds of particles. Verbs are subdivided into patientive univalent, agentive univalent, and bivalent; verbs are also classified according to action type. Some verbs are also scalar or quantity words.
Verbs are inflected for mood, aspect, polarity, role, voice, and person and number of up to 2 arguments. Verb forms have either imperative, subjunctive, or indicative mood; the formats are as follows:
| Indicative: | (Polarity)- | (Aspect)- | (Derivational)- | Root | -(Applicative) | -Agreement | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Subjunctive: | Sub- | (Polarity)- | (Derivational)- | Root | -(Applicative) | -Agreement | |
| Imperative: | Imp- | (Polarity)- | (Derivational)- | Root | -(Applicative) | -Agreement |
Mood is marked in the 1st prefix slot. The imperative mood prefix Imp- is si- and the subjunctive mood prefix Sub- is le-; indicative mood is unmarked.
Morphological polarity is marked in the 2nd prefix slot. It's either positive (unmarked), negative (ben- Neg-), or affirmative (kor- Aff-). Polar questions are handled by syntax.
Aspect may be marked by in the 3rd prefix slot; the aspect markers are shown in the following table:
| Prefix | Tag | Name |
|---|---|---|
| go- | Aor- | Aoristic |
| ya- | Exp- | Experiential |
| xa- | Prf- | Perfect |
| ni- | Pro- | Progressive |
| me- | Eve- | Eventual |
| fi- | Hab- | Habitual |
Each verb stem has an implicit action type which determines what aspect is in effect when no aspect prefix appears.
| Name | Unmarked Aspect |
|---|---|
| Static | Stative |
| Dynamic | Progressive |
| Telic | Aoristic |
| Habitual | Habitual |
Applicatives are optional suffixes which replace the patient's role, making univalent stems bivalent. They appear in the 1st suffix slot and are shown in the following table:
| Suffix | Tag | Name |
|---|---|---|
| -os | -Ben | Benefactive |
| -ax | -Mal | Malefactive |
| -ek | -Com | Comitative |
| -an | -Loc | Locative |
| -il | -Ins | Instrumental |
There are 3 classes of verbs:
The following table shows the agreement suffixes for univalent stems:
| Suffix | Intrans | Proximate |
|---|---|---|
| -ji | -1 | 1st person singular |
| -yū | -1A | 1st person plural |
| -au | -Incl | Inclusive person |
| -o | -2 | 2nd person |
| -a | -3 | 3rd person (proximate) |
| -4 | 3rd person (obviative) |
The following table shows the combined agreement suffixes for bivalent stems. The tag -Pas is passive, /Ant is antipassive, and /Rfx is reflexive; the remaining entries are either direct or inverse. Stems marked with an asterisk (*) insert i before the ending where necessary; t and č become d and ž, respectively after any vowel.
| Agent | Patient | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| /2 | /Incl | /1 | /1A | /3 | /4 | /Ant | /Rfx | |
| -2 | - | - | -oi | -on | -o | *mo | -oš | |
| -Incl | - | - | - | - | -au | *mau | -auš | |
| -1 | -yo | - | - | - | -ji | *mi | -jiš | |
| -1A | *no | - | - | - | -yū | *myū | -yūš | |
| -3 | -or | -ewa | -ya | -jiwa | - | -a | *ma | -aš |
| -4 | -ar | - | ||||||
| -Pas | *to | *tau | *či | *čū | *ta | - | - | |
In the imperative mood, the agent is limited to the 2nd or inclusive person.
| sipalo! |
|---|
| si-pal-o |
| Imp-run-2 |
| "Run!" |
| bengotogyo. |
|---|
| ben-go-tog-yo |
| Neg-Aor-see-1S/2 |
| "I didn't see you." |
| yaprinoson. |
|---|
| ya-prin-os-on |
| Exp-dance-Ben-2/1A |
| "You've danced for us before." |
Derivation is accomplished by prefixing and compounding. Compounding uses a head-modifier order. There are no distinct comparative and superlative forms.
Collective verb stems are derived from verb roots using the prefix Coll-.
There are other prefixes that derive verbs from verbs, such as the causative Caus- which applies to univalent roots and the autocausative Auto- which applies to bivalent roots.
The thematic prefix tle- applies directly to a root, incorporating it as the theme of a bivalent verb such that the agent's referent applies its referent to the patient's referent.
Cardinal numbers are quantity verbs:
| Value | Initial | Value | Initial | Value | Initial | Value | Initial |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | šin·a | 10 | tay·a | 100 | neš·a | 1000 | ·a |
| 2 | hor·a | 20 | taihor·a | 200 | nešhor·a | 2000 | ·a |
| 3 | xam·a | 30 | taixam·a | 300 | nešxam·a | 3000 | ·a |
| 4 | pes·a | 40 | taipes·a | 400 | nešpes·a | 4000 | ·a |
| 5 | tal·a | 50 | taital·a | 500 | neštal·a | 5000 | ·a |
| 6 | xand·a | 60 | taixand·a | 600 | nešxand·a | 6000 | ·a |
| 7 | kōy·a | 70 | taikōy·a | 700 | neškōy·a | 7000 | ·a |
| 8 | pehr·a | 80 | taipehr·a | 800 | nešpehr·a | 8000 | ·a |
| 9 | serm·a | 90 | taiserm·a | 900 | nešserm·a | 9000 | ·a |
Compound numbers are formed largest value to smallest value with all but the last number taking the suffix -e instead of the agreement suffix, e.g. nešxande-taibese-hor·a "642". Zero is pūx·a.
Fractional numbers represent denominators formed from cardinal numbers. They're formed by ... the derivational ... - - to the stem of the last part of the number, e.g. - "-%".
The ordinal prefix yok- Ord- derives ordinal number verbs from cardinal number verbs.
page started: 2017.Jun.04 Sun
current date: 2017.Jun.07 Wed
content and form originated by qiihoskeh
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