Legend: Definitions, Terms, <Text>, «apa», -Tags-, and "Glosses".
A verb root is basically CVCVC. Both vowels may be replaced by inflection. Out of 16 combinations of the 2 vowels, 9 appear in roots. A 10th combination, CoCiC (CaCiC where the 2nd consonant is a resonant), is used for irrealis-optative mood. Either, but not both, vowel may be deleted by inflection. The vowels may also be modified by infixing.
| Order | Description | Null Usage | Part |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | Number + Role + Tense | singular + S<O + relative | Prefix |
| 2. | Derivation | original | Infix |
| 3. | Mood | required | Base |
| 4. | Verb Root | required | |
| 5. | Aspect | perfect | Infix/Suffix |
| 6. | Person + Gender | univalent | Suffix |
Each verb root has an inherent action type: state, process (unitizable or culminating), or event. This determines which derivations are possible for the verb. Event verbs are the simplest, having no action type derivations. A singulative event can be derived from a unitizable process verb while an inceptive event can be derived from a culminating process verb. Both a process and an event can be derived from a state verb. All derived event stems are formed by placing <r> between the 1st vowel and the 2nd consonant of the root while derived process stems are formed by placing <j> there. Note that this inhibits vowel deletion.
The moods (whose formation has already been given) are the realis-jussive and the irrealis-optative. The aspects are the perfect and the durative. The tenses are the relative and the absolute.
Event stems have only perfect forms while process and state stems have both aspects. All non-derived stems form a basic perfect using the pattern CVCCV (with the 2nd vowel after the 3rd consonant). Derived process stems form the durative by placing <h> between the 2nd vowel and the 3rd consonant of the root and appending <o> (<a> before a resonant). Original process stems form the durative by placing <w> between the 2nd vowel and the 3rd consonant of the root and appending <i>. For state verbs, the durative stem uses the pattern CVCVC with the stative conjugation (CCVC whan a prefix appears).
Tense is marked by the prefix, which also encodes the number of the object along with the role assignment of that and the subject. Note that the stative conjugation doesn't use plural prefixes.
| Prefix | Tag | Tense | Number | Roles |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Relative | Singular | Subject < Object | ||
| do | Abs | Absolute | ||
| ja | Pl | Relative | Plural | |
| jo | Abs.Pl | Absolute | ||
| 'i | Inv | Relative | Singular | Subject > Object |
| 'o | Abs.Inv | Absolute | ||
| su | Pl.Inv | Relative | Plural | |
| so | Abs.Pl.Inv | Absolute |
Both jussive and optative stems are formed by geminating the 2nd consonant. The difference is that optatives use the irrealis vowel pattern while jussives use the orginal realis vowels.
Absence of a suffix makes the verb form univalent, having only a subject.
| Suffixes | Tag | Description |
|---|---|---|
| m | 1 | 1st person |
| ŝ | 2 | 2nd person |
| r | Incl | Inclusive person |
| t | 3A | 3rd person animate |
| j | 3I | 3rd person inanimate |
| q | 3L | 3rd person location |
The durative forms of a non-derived state verb stem use the stative conjugation when predicative.
| "see" | "heavy" | Mood | Aspect | Derivation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ŝentu | tuxlo | Realis | Perfect | (none) |
| ŝanti | toxli | Irrealis | ||
| ŝenut* | tuxal* | Realis | Durative | |
| ŝanit* | toxil* | Irrealis | ||
| ŝênut(u) | tîxal(u) | Realis | Perfect | Process |
| ŝainit(u) | taixil(u) | Irrealis | ||
| ŝenôto | tuxâlo | Realis | Durative | |
| ŝanêto | toxêlo | Irrealis | ||
| ŝernut(a) | torxal(a) | Realis | Perfect | Event |
| ŝarnit(a) | tarxil(a) | Irrealis | ||
| ŝennut(i) | tuxxal(i) | Jussive | ||
| ŝannit(o) | toxxil(o) | Optative | ||
The state derivation is univalent and uses the stative conjugation.
| "eat" | "cook" | Mood | Aspect | Derivation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ĉupsa | vazgo | Realis | Perfect | (none) |
| ĉopsi | vozgi | Irrealis | ||
| ĉupausi | vazôgi | Realis | Durative | |
| ĉopûsi | vozûgi | Irrealis | ||
| ĉorpas(a) | verzog(a) | Realis | Perfect | Event |
| ĉarpis(a) | varzig(a) | Irrealis | ||
| ĉuppas(i) | vazzog(i) | Jussive | ||
| ĉoppis(o) | vozzig(o) | Optative | ||
| ĉupas* | vazog* | Realis | Durative | State |
The state derivation is univalent and uses the stative conjugation.
| "break" | Mood | Aspect | Derivation |
|---|---|---|---|
| xorka | Realis | Perfect | (none) |
| xarki | Irrealis | ||
| xorrak(i) | Jussive | ||
| xarrik(o) | Optative | ||
| xorak* | Realis | Durative | State |
Verbs also use the stative conjugation. In this case, the plural prefixes are never used. The stative forms are also used as attributives.
page started: 2022.Mar.05 Sat
current date: 2022.Mar.06 Sun
content and form originated by qiihoskeh
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