Legend: Definitions, Terms, <Text>, [IPA], -Tags-, and "Glosses".
Each noun has an implicit gender: instrumental (I), locational (L) or everything else (E). There are also adverbial nouns.
Morphologically, there are 2 kinds of nouns: root nouns and deverbal nouns. The structures for these are shown in the following tables:
| # | Name | Description |
| 1 | Incorporate | noun root |
| 2 | Modifier | verb root |
| 3 | Head Noun | noun root (required) |
| 4 | Gender | override |
| 5 | Number + Case | vocative, genitive, or other |
| # | Name | Description |
| 1 | Incorporated | noun root |
| 2 | Verb Stem | (required) |
| 3 | Nominalizer | (required) |
| 4 | Gender | override |
| 5 | Number + Case | vocative, genitive, or other |
| # | Name | Description |
| 1 | Directional | ? |
| 2 | Scalar Adverb | ? |
| 3 | Secondary Verb Root | (at least 1 required) |
| 4 | Primary Verb Root |
The kinds of deverbal nouns using nominalizers are action nouns, participant noun, and superlatives.
| Suffix | Tag | Name | Gender |
| - | -AgtN | Agent Noun | Everything else |
| - | -PatN | Patient Noun | |
| - | -ActN | Action Noun | |
| - | -LocN | Locational Noun | Locational |
| - | -InsN | Instrument Noun | Instrumental |
| - | -Sup | Superlative | (indeterminate) |
Noun number is either non-referential NR, plural P, or singular (unmarked). The noun cases are vocative, genitive, and unmarked.
| E (~C) | E (~V) | L (~V) | I (~V) | Tag |
| vor * | pradi * | hanjus | niktos | -E |
| vorko | pradik | hanjusko | niktosko | -EP |
| vori | pradii | hanjusi | niktosi | -ENR |
| vora | pradira | hanju * | niktora | -L |
| vorak | pradirak | hanjuk | niktorak | -LP |
| voree | pradiree | hanjoi | niktoree | -LNR |
| vortlu | praditlu | hanjutlu | nikto * | -I |
| vortluk | praditluk | hanjutluk | niktok | -IP |
| vortloi | praditloi | hanjutloi | niktai | -INR |
| vorma | pradima | hanjuma | niktoma | -Gen |
| vorkosh | pradikosh | hunjukosh | niktokosh | -PGen |
| vortuu | pradituu | hanjutuu | niktotuu | -NRGen |
| voru | praduu | (hanjuu) | (niktaa) | -Voc |
| vorkaa | pradiku | (hanjuku) | (niktoku) | -PVoc |
The proper nouns include place names (locational), personal names, and names of groups of people. Personal names and place names lack number and are semantically animate. The cases are the same as for common nouns.
| taitslang??kosh | |||
| tait- | slange | -?? | -kosh |
| box- | carry | -AgtN | -PGen |
| "boxcarriers" (plural genitive) | |||
The local and reflexive pronouns are inflected for number, gender, and case (although there are no vocative forms).
| E | L | I | Genitive | Tag | Description |
| bin | bira | bitlu | bima | 1S | 1st person singular |
| bilo | birak | bitluk | bilosh | 1P | 1st person plural |
| sulo | surak | sutluk | sulosh | NP | inclusive person plural |
| gun | gura | gutlu | guma | 2S | 2nd person singular |
| gulo | gurak | gutluk | gulosh | 2P | 2nd person plural |
| jin | jira | jitlu | jima | Rfx | reflexive |
| yan | yara | yatlu | yama | CMA | coreference matrix agent? |
| Determiners | Pronouns | Tag | Description | |||||||
| -Prs | -Pst | -Fut | -Id | -Def | -E | -L | -I | |||
| - | - | - | de | - | - | - | - | - | D0 | non-anaphoric definite |
| sil | - | - | sis | - | - | sii | sira | sitlu | D1 | proximal demonstrative |
| - | - | - | los | - | - | lai | lora | lotlu | D2 | distal demonstrative |
| - | tok | tash | - | - | tee | tara | tatlu | D3 | anaphoric | |
| - | pyok | pyash | pya | pyaat | pyani | - | pyara | pyatlu | Q | interrogative |
| - | inok | inash | in | inut | inni | - | inra | intlu | Ind | indefinite |
| adil | ajok | ajash | adi | aduut | adini | - | adira | aditlu | Uni | universal quantifier |
| - | gwak | gwesh | gwe | gwaat | gweni | - | gwera | gwetlu | Sat | satisfactive |
| - | - | - | ko | - | - | kai | kora | kotlu | Rel | relative |
| - | - | - | cho | - | - | chai | chora | chotlu | Cor | correlative |
Certain postpositions combine with certain determiners to form adverbs and combine with the clause nominalizer Nom to form subordinating conjunctions. The following table shows these subordinating conjunctions along with the corresponding interrogative, anaphoric, and indefinite adverbs:
| Adverb | Conjunction | Name | ||||||
| Word | Tag | Word | Tag | Word | Tag | Word | Tag | |
| pyarut | QRat | tarut | D3Rat | inrut | IndRat | sherut | NRat | Reason |
| pyavan | QFor | tavan | D3For | invan | IndFor | shevan | NFor | Purpose |
| pyadoo | QBy | tadoo | D3By | indoo | IndBy | shedoo | NBy | Means |
page started: 2018.Sep.19 Wed
current date: 2018.Sep.20 Thu
content and form originated by qiihoskeh
Table of Contents