The protolanguage has 4 vowels and 21 consonants.
| front | central | back | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| high | i | *i | - | - | u | *u | ||
| mid | - | - | ə | *@ | - | |||
| low | - | a | *a | - | - | |||
| labial | coronal | dorsal | guttural | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| stop | aspirated | pʰ | *ph | - | tʰ | *th | - | - | kʰ | *kh | kʷʰ | *kwh | - | ||||
| voiceless | p | *p | - | t | *t | - | - | k | *k | kʷ | *kw | - | |||||
| voiced | b | *b | - | d | *d | - | - | g | *g | gʷ | *gw | - | |||||
| nasal | voiced | m | *m | - | n | *n | - | - | ŋ | *n | - | - | |||||
| fricative | voiceless | - | s | *s | - | - | h2 | *h2 | h1 | *h1 | |||||||
| trill | voiced | - | r | *r | - | - | - | ||||||||||
| vocoid | voiced | - | l | *l | - | j | *j | - | w | *w | - | ||||||
Syllables are C(L)V(C).
Coda nasals appear as:
m + pʰ, p, b, m
n + tʰ, t, d, n
ŋ + kʰ, k, g, kʷʰ, kʷ, gʷ
| j, w | > | i, u | / | __ (C, #) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| h1 | > | : | / | V __ |
| ih2, əh2 & ah2, uh2 | > | e:, a:, o: | ||
| ə | > | o | / | h2 __ |
| ə | > | o | / | __ (kʷʰ, kʷ, gʷ, h2) |
| ph1, th1, kh1, kʷh1 | > | pʰ, tʰ, kʰ, kʷʰ | ||
| ph2, th2, kh2, kʷh2 | > | pʰ, tʰ, kʰ, kʷʰ | ||
| h1 & h2 | > | 0 | ||
| ii, iə, uə, uu | > | i:, io, ue, u: | ||
| əi & əə & əo, əa, əu | > | e:, a:, o: | ||
| oi, oa, ou & oə & oo | > | e:, a:, o: | ||
| aə & aa | > | a: | ||
| ə | > | e | ||
| i, u | > | j, w | / | V __ V |
| ku, gu, kʰu | > | kʷ, gʷ, kʷʰ | / | __ V |
| kʷ, gʷ, kʷʰ | > | k, g, kʰ | / | __ (C, #) |
| pCʰ, tCʰ, kCʰ | > | pʰC, tʰC, kʰC | ||
| pʰ & b, tʰ & d, kʰ & g | > | p, t, k | / | __ s |
| ts | > | s: | ||
| pʰ, tʰ, kʰ, kʷʰ | > | f, θ, x, xʷ | ||
| x | > | ç | / | i __ |
| x | > | ç | / | __ i |
| f | > | h | / | __ V |
| θ | > | f | ||
| a | > | ä |
page started: 2013.Jul.20 Sat
current date: 2013.Jul.25 Thu
content and form originated by qiihoskeh
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