The protolanguage has 3 vowel phonemes, 4 semivowel phonemes, and 10 consonant phonemes, the semivowels being shown with the consonants.
| front | central | back | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| high | - | ɨ | 1 | - | ||||||||
| mid | - | ə | ǝ | - | ||||||||
| low | - | ä | a | - | ||||||||
| labial | coronal | dorsal | guttural | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| stop | voiceless | p | p | - | t | t | - | - | k | k | - | - | |||||||
| voiced | b | b | - | d | d | - | - | g | g | - | - | ||||||||
| nasal | voiced | m | m | - | n | n | - | - | - | ||||||||||
| fricative | voiceless | - | - | s | s | - | - | ||||||||||||
| voiced | - | - | z | z | - | ʕ | h | ||||||||||||
| vocoid | voiced | - | l | l | - | j | j | - | w | w | - | - | |||||||
| * | 0 | > | ɤ | / | (p, t, k, s) __ (b, d, g, z, l) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| * | ɨ, ə, ä | > | ɤ, ʌ, ɑ | / | __ ʕ | |
| * | j, w, ʕ | > | i, u, ɑ | / | __ (C, #) | |
| * | m & n | > | ŋ | / | __ (C, #) | |
| * | 0 | > | ɤ | / | (b, d, g, z) __ (C, #) | |
| * | j, w | > | ʲ, ʷ | / | C __ V | |
| * | tʲ, dʲ, sʲ, zʲ, ŋʲ, lʲ | > | t͡ɕ, d͡ʑ, ɕ, ʑ, ɲ, ʎ | |||
| tʷ, dʷ, lʷ | > | t͡s, d͡z, ɫ | ||||
| * | pʷ, bʷ, sʷ, zʷ, ŋʷ | > | p, b, s, z, ŋ | |||
| * | p & t & k | > | ʔ | / | __ (C, #) | |
| * | ɨi, ɨu, əi, əu | > | i:, u:, ei, ou | |||
| * | ʕ | > | : | / | V __ (C, #) | |
| * | ɨ, ə, ä | > | ɪ, ɛ, a | |||
| * | ʕ | > | h | |||
| * | ph, th, kh | > | f, θ, x | |||
| * | ei, ou, ai, au | > | e:, o:, ɛ:, ɔ: | |||
| * | ɤ:, ʌ:, ɑ: | > | o:, ɔ:, a: | |||
| * | ɪ, ɤ, ʌ & ɑ | > | i, o, ɔ | |||
| * | V | > | V˨ | |||
| * | V: | > | V˦ | |||
| * | h | > | 0 | / | C __ V | |
| * | ʔs | > | ts | |||
| * | ʔC | > | C: | |||
| * | u, o, ɔ, ɛ | > | i, u, o, e | |||
| * | d͡z, d͡ʑ | > | z, ʑ | |||
| * | s, ɕ, z, ʑ | > | t͡s, t͡ɕ, d͡z, d͡ʑ | / | (t, ŋ, l) __ | |
| * | k, g, x | > | c, ɟ, ç | / | __ (i, e) | |
| kʲ, gʲ | > | c, ɟ | ||||
| * | ŋ | > | m | / | __ (p, b, m, pʲ, bʲ) | |
| ŋ | > | n | / | __ (t, d, n, t͡s, t͡ɕ, d͡z, d͡ʑ) | ||
| ŋ | > | ɲ | / | __ (c, ɟ) | ||
| * | ʎ, ɫ | > | j, w | |||
Rcp%#-Thm%#-Root-Deriv-Voice-Aspect-Tense-Gender-Sub%#
| Rcp%# | recipient person and number | 0 | ä ʕ mä sə tə | U 3A 1S 1P 2 Rfx |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Thm%# | theme (3rd person inanimate) | 0 | ɨ | U 3I |
| Root | verb root | * | ||
| Deriv | derivational | 0 | bä dɨ zə | (Root) Loc ? ? |
| Voice | grammatical voice | 0 | ʕ l | Act Pas Cau |
| Aspect | aspect | 0 | s k | Dur Prf Inc |
| Tense | tense | 0 | jt wm | Prs Pst Fut |
| Gender | subject gender | ʕä ʕɨ ʕə | --- Ani Ina Cor | |
| Sub%# | subject person and number | 0 | ʕ m s j w | 3* 1S 1P 2 Inf Imp |
page started: 2013.Dec.08 Sun
current date: 2013.Dec.09 Mon
content and form originated by qiihoskeh
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