Legend: Definitions, Terms, <Text>, {}, [IPA], -Tags-, and "Glosses".
The non-numeric quantities nazo nazo "many", seno seno "few", hoso hoso "much", and cilo cilo "little" are scalar.
A cardinal number is a sequence of 1 or more digits, starting with the most significant. The final o (appearing in the citation form) is omitted on all but the last digit, e.g. cekticketo cekuticuketo "642".
| Value | Word | Value | Word | ||
| 0 | zio | ziqo | 1 | kono | kono |
| 2 | keto | keto | 3 | talo | talo |
| 4 | tico | tico | 5 | coxo | coxo |
| 6 | ceko | ceko | 7 | laho | laho |
| 8 | lizo | lizo | 9 | zoko | zoko |
A positive exponent is derived by replacing the final o of a cardinal number with -azto -azuto and a negative exponent is derived with -ikto -ikuto. An exponent always follows the whole number or fraction it modifies.
The denominator of a fraction is derived by replacing the final o of a cardinal number with -oso -oso -Div. The denominator follows the numerator.
A non-zero number is made negative by replacing the final o of the numerator with -elo -elo -Min.
Example: ticelo taloso ketazto ticelo taloso ketazuto "-400/3".
The ordinal numbers are verbs derived from the corresponding cardinal numbers (starting at 0) using the suffix -lo lo -Ord.
A descriptive scalar verb is derived from any quantity word by replacing the final o with at -atu.
A quantity word is nominalized by replacing the final o with one of the following gender suffixes:
| Suffix | Tag | Description | |
| -as | -asu | -A | Animate |
| -it | -itu | -I | Inanimate |
| -ok | -oku | -L | Locational |
The quantity verbs for "much" and "little" produce mass nouns, so they take singular suffixes. The cardinal number for "1" also takes singular suffixes while the word for "0" may take either singular or plural suffixes. All other quantity words take plural suffixes.
Each noun has an implicit gender: animate, inanimate, or locational. There are also adverbial nouns.
Morphologically, there are 2 kinds of nouns: root nouns and deverbal nouns. The structures for these are shown in the following tables:
| # | Req. | Name | Description |
| 1 | no | Number | |
| 2 | no | Modifier | noun root |
| 3 | no | ||
| 4 | yes | Head | noun root |
| 5 | no | Case | =0 iff default for gender |
| # | Req. | Name | Description |
| 1 | no | Number | |
| 2 | no | Incorporated | noun root |
| 3 | yes | Verb Stem | |
| 4 | yes | Head | noun root or nominalizer |
| 5 | no | Case | =0 iff default for gender |
The plural prefix (technically a proclitic quantity word) is te- te P-; singular number is unmarked.
A noun takes a case suffix unless the case is the default for the noun's gender (instrumental-ergative for animate nouns, absolutive for inanimate, and locative for locational). The suffixes, which are independent of number, are shown in the following table:
| Suffix | Tag | Description | |
| -na | na | -Ins | Instrumental-ergative |
| -ti | ti | -Abs | Absolutive |
| -ci | ci | -Loc | Locative |
| -ko | ko | -Gen | Genitive |
| -le | le | -Voc | Vocative |
The verb stem is like that described in the verb morphology section but without any habitual or semelfactive preverb. The kinds of deverbal nouns with nominalizers are action nouns, participant noun, and superlatives.
| Suffix | Tag | Name | Gender | |
| -xan | xanu | -AgtN | Agent Noun | Animate |
| -tin | tinu | -APat | Animate Patient | |
| -sen | senu | -IPat | Inanimate Patient | Inanimate |
| - | - | -InsN | Instrument Noun | |
| -ez | -ezu | -ActN | Action Noun | |
| -kon | konu | -LocN | Locational Noun | Locational |
| - | - | -Sup | Superlative | (indeterminate) |
The proper nouns include personal names (animate), place names (locational), and names of groups of people (animate). Personal names and place names lack number. The cases are the same as for common nouns.
| locezuci | |
| locezci | |
| [LO'JEZ.CI] | |
| locez | -ci |
| chair | -Loc |
| "on a chair" (singular locative) | |
| tekotahukozetenuko | ||||
| tekotahkozetenko | ||||
| [TE.GO.DAR.KO.ZE'DEM.KO] | ||||
| te- | kotah- | kozet | -en | -ko |
| P- | box- | carry | -Agt | -Gen |
| "boxcarriers" (plural genitive) | ||||
The correlative pronoun az qazu Cor is always marked for case. It doesn't distinguish number.
The local and reflexive pronouns are always inflected for case, using the same suffixes as for nouns. The reflexive pronoun lacks the instrumental-ergative form and all of these lack vocative forms.
| Pronoun | Tag | Description | |
| si | si | 1S | 1st person singular |
| ki | ki | 1XP | 1st person exclusive plural |
| ni | ni | 1NP | 1st person inclusive plural |
| no | no | 2 | 2nd person |
| xa | xa | Rfx | Reflexive (= matrix agent) |
The interrogative and satisfactive determiners and related pronouns are shown in the following table; these also take the noun cases (identity pronouns are taken as if animate and definition pronouns as if inanaimate).
| Interrogative | Satisfactive | Description | ||||
| cat | catu | Q | tec | tecu | Sat | Determiner |
| catal | catalu | QId | tecal | tecalu | SatId | Identity |
| catiz | catizu | QDef | teciz | tecizu | SatDef | Definition |
| catok | catoku | QLoc | tecok | tecoku | SatLoc | Locational |
The pronominal determiners are the other ones with related pronouns; they're shown in the following table:
| Determiner | Description | ||
| siz | sizu | D1 | near speaker, demonstrative |
| sal | salu | D2 | not near speaker, demonstrative |
| ek | qeku | D3 | anaphoric (= 3rd person) |
| in | qinu | Ind | Specific Indefinite |
| lan | lanu | Uni | Universal Quantifier |
The pronouns are formed by adding the following suffixes:
| Suffix | Tag | Description | |
| -as | -asu | -A | Animate |
| -it | -itu | -I | Inanimate |
| -ok | -oku | -L | Locational |
The remaining determiners are shown in the following table:
| Word | Tag | Name | |
| os | qosu | D0 | definite but not anaphoric |
| loq | loqu | Rel | Relative Head |
The following table shows the subordinating conjunctions with corresponding interrogative adverbs:
| Adverb | Conjunction | Name | ||||
| Word | Tag | Word | Tag | |||
| camiik'o | - | QRat | miik'o | - | Rat | Reason |
| cauter | - | QFor | uter | - | For | Purpose |
| cawan | - | QBy | wan | - | By | Means |
page started: 2018.Aug.29 Wed
current date: 2018.Sep.05 Wed
content and form originated by qiihoskeh
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