An adjunct clause begins with om ("while", "when", or "if"), ok ("after"), or os ("before") and adds information to some host clause. It may or may not be coreferential.
| pk hser otomko kopt om pokoro hmkos. | ||||||||||||||
| "The man kicked a rock while in the house." | ||||||||||||||
| pk | -0 | h- | ser | o- | tomk | -o | kopt | om | -0 | po- | kor | -o | h- | mkos |
| Pst | -Act | Def- | man | 3S- | kick | -3S | rock | If | -Act | HP- | in | -3S | Def- | house |
The protasis or condition is an adjunct clause introduced by om and the apodosis or conclusion is its host. In an actual situation (where the protasis is translated with "when" or "while"), both protasis and apodosis are unmarked for mood. If the condition is possible, both take the hypothetical mood and if the condition is impossible, both take the contrafactual mood.
| om tesksomtpo, pk oskrpoto hkter. | |||||||||||
| "When he sat on it, the chair broke." | |||||||||||
| om | -0 | te-sk- | somt | -po | pk | -0 | o-sk- | rpot | -o | h- | kter |
| If | -Act | HA-Prf- | sit | -HP | Pst | -Act | 3S-Prf- | break | -3S | Def- | chair |
| omme tesksomtpo, pkme oskrpoto hkter. | |||||||||||
| "If he sat on it, the chair broke." | |||||||||||
| om | -me | te-sk- | somt | -po | pk | -me | o-sk- | rpot | -o | h- | kter |
| If | -Hyp | HA-Prf- | sit | -HP | Pst | -Hyp | 3S-Prf- | break | -3S | Def- | chair |
| omme tesksomtpo, pkme oskrpoto hkter. | |||||||||||
| "If he'd sat on it, the chair would've broken." | |||||||||||
| om | -ke | te-sk- | somt | -po | pk | -ke | o-sk- | rpot | -o | h- | kter |
| If | -Ctf | HA-Prf- | sit | -HP | Pst | -Ctf | 3S-Prf- | break | -3S | Def- | chair |
A satisfactive sentence is a statement of sufficiency. It consists of a satisfactive clause followed by a conditional sentence (of which the protasis is usually omitted). The satisfactive clause contains a word translated as "so" or "such" (tp in the following examples).
| pm korpo tp, pk skrpoto hkter. | |||||||||||
| "He's so heavy, the chair broke." | |||||||||||
| pm | -0 | korp | -o | tp | pk | -0 | 0-sk- | rpot | -o | h- | kter |
| Prs | -Act | heavy | -3S | enough | Pst | -Act | U-Prf- | break | -3S | Def- | chair |
| pm korpo tp, psme skrpoto hkter. | |||||||||||
| "He's heavy enough to break the chair." | |||||||||||
| pm | -0 | korp | -o | tp | ps | -me | 0-sk- | rpot | -o | h- | kter |
| Prs | -Act | heavy | -3S | enough | Fut | -Hyp | U-Prf- | break | -3S | Def- | chair |
| pm korpo tp, pkke skrpoto hkter. | |||||||||||
| "He's so heavy, the chair would've broken." | |||||||||||
| pm | -0 | korp | -o | tp | pk | -ke | 0-sk- | rpot | -o | h- | kter |
| Prs | -Act | heavy | -3S | enough | Pst | -Ctf | U-Prf- | break | -3S | Def- | chair |
A complement clause (or clause sequence) acts as the patient or theme of some other clause, which acts as its host. The complement clause is introduced by a tense/mood marker consisting of a main tense marker plus a mood depending on the actuality, possibility, or impossibility of the subordinate proposition.
| ps shmto pske ssomto hkter. | |||||||||||
| "You'll wish you were sitting on the chair." | |||||||||||
| ps | -0 | s- | hmt | -o | ps | -ke | s- | somt | -o | h- | kter |
| Fut | -Act | 2S- | want | -3S | Fut | -Ctf | 2S- | sit | -3S | Def- | chair |
Reported speech is always direct, except that HA and HP may be used in the main clause of the quoted sentence.
pk khekro tem rh pk poseko keht. "I asked a woman if she'd seen a cat." pk-0 k-hekr-o tem rh pk-0 po-sek-o keht PST-ACT 1S-ask -3S woman PQ PST-ACT HP-see-3S cat
| pk khekro tem rh pk poseko keht. | ||||||||||||
| "I asked a woman if she'd seen a cat." | ||||||||||||
| pk | -0 | k- | hekr | -o | tem | rh | pk | -0 | po- | sek | -o | keht |
| Pst | -Act | 1S- | ask | -3S | tem | PQ | Pst | -Act | HP- | see | -3S | cat |
The syntax for patients and themes is the same as for finite verbs: the action nominal may be followed by a normal patient phrase (and/or theme phrase). The agent, on the other hand, must be either a pronominal or unspecified and expressed as a genitive phrase (following any patient and theme).
| hsmtsorko hkeht | ||||
| "your search for the cat" | ||||
| h- s-mt- | sork | -o | h- | keht |
| Def-2S-Prg- | find | -3S | Def- | cat |
| hmtsorko hkeht thtem | ||||||
| "the woman's search for the cat" | ||||||
| h-0-mt- | sork | -o | h- | keht | t- h- | tem |
| Def-U-Prg- | find | -3S | Def- | cat | Gen-Def- | woman |
A relative clause is introduced by an appropriate Tense/Conjunction word and contains one of the relative pronouns, ro (RPA) or re (RPI).
| hkter rm hser orpoto re | |||||||||
| "the chair the man has broken" | |||||||||
| h- | kter | rm | -0 | h- | ser | o- | rpot | -o | re |
| Def- | chair | Rel.Prs | -Act | Def- | man | 3S- | break | -3S | RPI |
| htem rkme moho ro osekm | |||||||||
| "the woman whose mother may have seen us" | |||||||||
| h- | tem | rk | -me | moh | -o | ro | o- | sek | -m |
| Def- | woman | Rel.Pst | -Hyp | mother | -3S | RPA | 3S- | see | -ND |
page started: 2011.Dec.05 Mon
current date: 2011.Dec.16 Fri
content and form originated by qiihoskeh
table of contents