KLH3 –
A Constructed Language
KLH3 Usage
Legend:
Definitions, Terms, <Text>, [IPA], -Tags-, and "Glosses".
Role Inflection Usage
Inversion and Transitivity Usage
The argument role mapping is presented in the following table.
The Tran rows are used for LS, LP, and Par as well.
Voice Suffix Usage
Prefix |
Agent | Patient |
Suffix |
Tag | Name | Tag | Name |
Tran | Transitive |
proximate | obviative |
Dir | Direct |
obviative | proximate |
Inv | Inverse |
Intr | Intransitive |
proximate | - |
Dir | Direct |
- | proximate |
Inv | Inverse |
Rfx | Reflexive |
proximate |
Dir | Direct |
For non-local participles, the proximate argument is relativized, but
for unilocal participles, the obviative argument is relativized.
This is in accord with the agreement hierarchy, which is:
K > L > rel > 3
The passive voice (inverse intransitive) may also be used as a middle voice (in the non-classical sense).
Usage of the Cases
- The absolutive case is used for the arguments of every verb form.
Those of a finite form are the core arguments and
those of secondary forms are oblique.
- The vocative case identifies the addressee(s).
- The genitive case is adnominal and has 2 uses:
- It represents the possessor of the modified noun phrase (possessive).
- It represents the whole entity from which a part is selected (partitive).
Some Oblique Usages
Oblique phrases are constructed using transitive secondary predicates.
Since these are less grammaticized than cases, the usages will be divided among multiple verbs.
- The dative case has 3 uses:
- It's used for the recipient of certain verbs.
- It marks the destination (allative usage).
- It marks a beneficiary or maleficiary.
- The ablative case either specifies the source or material or marks the
origin.
- The instrumental case has 3 uses:
- It specifies the instrument or means.
- It marks the place by which motion occurs (perlative usage).
- It's used for a passive agent.
- The locative case specifies the location of the situation, which may be
that of some person(s) (comitative usage).
Usage of the Phrase Conjunctions
- In a phrase constructed by conjoining with aggregate particles, the
referent for the phrase will be the union of those of the conjoined phrases.
- In a phrase constructed by conjoining with alternate particles, the
referent for the phrase will be that of one of the conjoined phrases.
Temporal Inflection Usage
The verb's temporal type corresponds to the type of clause it appears in.
Action Type
Each verb is either static, primarily denoting a state, or dynamic, primarily denoting an action.
However, a static verb form may also represent a transition into the state and a dynamic verb form may also represent a state resulting from the action.
Usage of the Final Tenses and Moods
The situation denoted by a final verb is of the primary type for that verb, except that imperatives are dynamic.
Since they appear only on final verbs, the tenses are absolute.
The 1st 3 given here comprise the indicative mood.
- The past tense indicates that the situation has already occurred at the
time of utterance.
- The present tense indicates that the situation is current at the time of
utterance.
- The future tense indicates that the situation is yet to occur at the time
of utterance. The future is irrealis while the past and present are realis.
- The contrafactual mood indicates that some hypothetical situation either
would be current at the time of utterance or would have been current at some prior
time. The contrafactual is also irrealis.
- The time of the imperative mood is immediate future.
Usage of the Coordinate Temporals
The coordinate temporals specify logical conjunction or disjunction and, if the former, whether the situation denoted by the clause occurs before or at the same time as that of the next final or coordinate clause.
- The time of a sequential conjunction verb is prior to that of the next
non-subordinate clause.
- The time of a simultaneous conjunction verb is the same as that of the
next non-subordinate clause.
- The time of a disjunction verb is not determined.
Usage of the Subordinate and Infinitive Aspects
The aspects specify the stage that the situation is at with respect to a temporal point of reference determined by the following host clause.
- The perfect aspect indicates that
the state denoted by the verb is current at the temporal point of reference,
or that the action denoted by the verb is complete at that time.
- When the aspect is progressive, the action denoted by the verb is in
progress at the temporal point of reference.
- When the aspect is prospective, the action denoted by the verb is not yet
started at the temporal point of reference.
- The aoristic aspect indicates that the action denoted by the verb occurs
at the temporal point of reference.
Usage of the Secondary and Participial Aspects
The aspects specify the stage that the situation is at with respect to a temporal point of reference determined by matrix clause.
- When the aspect is perfect, the (resulting) state denoted by the verb is
in effect at the temporal point of reference.
- When the aspect is progressive, the action denoted by the verb is in
progress at the temporal point of reference.
- When the aspect is prospective, the action denoted by the verb is not yet
started at the temporal point of reference.
Determining the Temporal Point of Reference
- The temporal point of reference for a coordinate clause is a modification of
that of the next clause in the sequence.
- The temporal point of reference for a subordinate or infinitive
clause is the same as the effective time of the host clause, except that some auxiliary
verbs make the temporal point of reference relatively future.
- The temporal point of reference for a participle is the same as the
effective time of the matrix clause.
- The effective time of a main clause with past tense is prior to the time of
utterance.
- The effective time of a main clause with present tense is the time of
utterance.
- The effective time of a main clause with future tense is subsequent to the
time of utterance.
- The effective time of a simultaneous coordinate clause is the temporal point
of reference.
- The effective time of a sequential coordinate clause is prior to the
temporal point of reference. However, a future time remains future.
- The effective time of an indeterminate coordinate clause remains present if the
temporal point of reference is present, future if future, and past if past.
- See the following section for the effective time of a subordinate matrix.
Adjunct Clauses
The aspect of a the subordinate verb in a temporal adjunct clause determines the temporal relationship between the subordinate clause and its host clause.
One use of temporal adjuncts is to translate depictive secondary predicates (using perfect aspect).
The following table shows the relations between the time of the adjunct situation and the time of the host situation.
Temporal Adjunct Relations
Tag | Aspect | Relation |
Aor | Aoristic |
adjunct during host |
Prg | Progressive |
host during adjunct |
Prf | Perfect |
host after adjunct |
Pro | Prospective |
host before adjunct |
Other Usage
Demonstrative Usage
The demonstratives are used both spatially and metaphorically.
There are 2 ways that the demonstratives can constrast; which one applies depends on the context.
Demonstrative Contrasts
Tag | Name | Contrast 1 | Contrast 2 |
Prox | Proximal |
L person (1st person in a command) |
M or Inclusive person |
Medi | Medial |
K person (2nd person in a command) |
3rd person (non-remote) |
Dist | Distal |
3rd person |
3rd person remote |
page started: 2016.Jul.12 Tue
current date: 2016.Jul.13 Wed
content and form originated by qiihoskeh
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