Jaguar 5 –  A Constructed Language

Jaguar 5 Morphology

Legend: Definitions, Terms, <Text>, [IPA], -Tags-, and "Glosses".

Morphology Overview

Person and Number Terminology

The following non-standard terminology is used here:

• 1st person refers here to the speaker.
• 2nd person refers to the addressee.
• K person refers to the addressee in questions and commands and to the speaker in statements (i.e. conjunct).
• Inclusive person refers to the union of the 1st and 2nd persons.
• 3rd person refers to all others (i.e. excluding both the speaker and addressee).

Word Classification

The morphological word classes are verbs, nouns, and uninflected particles. Verbs are conjugated and nouns are declined. Nouns and verbs have different formats.

Verbs include the words that are scalar, relational, or both as well as conventional verbs.

• A scalar verb is one that denotes a scale of comparison.
• A relational verb relates a locatee to a (possibly metaphorical) location.

Word Formats

Slot Abbreviations

%	Person	JRole	Jaguar's Role
		0	(null)
		Class	Noun Classifier
Root	Verb or Noun Root Onset	Root	Verb or Noun Root Rhyme
Voice	Voice/direction	App	Applicative
Asp	Aspect	Polar	Polarity
0	(null)	KRole	K person's Role/mode
Assoc	Associativity	#	Status and Number

Legend

Asp	required slot
Nom	required marker
Pro	optional slot
Imp	optional marker

Finite Verb Format

	Prefixes		Suffixes
Onset	%	Verb Root	Voice	Asp	KRole
Rhyme	JRole		App	Polar
	Prefixes		Suffixes

Imperative Format

	Prefixes		Suffixes
Onset	%	Verb Root	Voice	Asp	Imp
Rhyme	JRole		App	Polar
	Prefixes		Suffixes

Participle Format

	Prefixes		Suffixes
Onset	%	Verb Root	Voice	Asp
Rhyme	Ptc		App	Polar
	Prefixes		Suffixes

Adverbial Format

	Prefixes		Suffixes
Onset	%	Verb Root
Rhyme	0
	Prefixes		Suffixes

Superlative Noun Format

	Prefixes		Suffixes
Onset	%	Verb Root	Sup	Assoc
Rhyme	0			#
	Prefixes		Suffixes

Verbal Noun Format

	Prefixes		Suffixes
Onset	%	Verb Root	Voice	Assoc
Rhyme	0		App	#
	Prefixes		Suffixes

Classifier Noun Format

	Prefixes		Suffixes
Onset	%	Noun Root	Assoc
Rhyme	Class		#
	Prefixes		Suffixes

Compound Noun Format

	Prefixes			Suffixes
Onset	%	Noun Root	Verb Root	Voice	Assoc
Rhyme	Class			App	#
	Prefixes			Suffixes

Finite Copula Format

	Prefixes		Suffixes
Onset	%		Asp	KRole
Rhyme	JRole		Polar
	Prefixes		Suffixes

Specific Markers

Person

The set of possible persons depends on the format and the clause type. The person represents a noun possessor and otherwise an argument allowed by the JRole and KRole.

Person Prefixes

Prefix	Tag	Description	Finite	Imper.	Adverb.	Partic.	Noun
r-	J-	Jaguar	-	-	OK	OK	OK
b-	1-	1st person singular	[1]	OK	OK	OK	OK
k-	2-	2nd person singular	[2]	-	OK	OK	OK
j-	Incl-	Inclusive person dual	OK	-	OK	OK	OK
l-	3E-	3rd person explicit	OK	OK	OK	-	-
s-	3C-	3rd person coreferential	OK	OK	OK	OK	OK
'-	U-	Unspecified	OK	OK	OK	OK	OK
d-	Cmb-	Appositive	-	-	-	-	OK

[1] OK only in question clauses
[2] OK only in statement clauses

Word Format and Jaguar's Role

Noun classifiers also go in this position.

Jaguar's Role Prefixes

Prefix	Tag	Role	Format
ok-	JAgt-	Agent	verb
íl-	JPat-	Patient
ǽ-	Infl-	Influence
an-	NJ-	(no role)
y-	Zro-	(no role)	adverbial or verbal noun
ís-	Ptc-	(no role)	participle

Voice Suffixes

The set of possible directions (grammatical voice) also depends on the format. Scalar and relational verbs omit the inverse marking when no applicative is needed while all other verbs omit the direct marking.

Direction Suffixes

Suffix	Tag	Description
-l	-Dir	Direct
-g	-Inv	Inverse
-s	-Rfx	Reflexive

The superlative suffix -bæl -Sup, which appears only on scalar verb roots, occupies both voice and applicative slots.

Applicative Suffixes

The direct and inverse suffixes determine which of 2 action nouns is used.

Applicative Suffixes

Suffix	Tag	Description	Group
-ú	-Loc	Locative	Applicative
-ík	-Ins	Instrumental
-ós	-Ben	Benefactive
-ár	-Mal	Malefactive
-y	-Nul	(none)	Other
-ek	-AN	Action Nouns

Aspect

Aspect is marked if either the aspect needed is not the default for the verb's action type or polarity is marked.

Aspect Suffixes

Suffix	Tag	Description
-d	-Aor	Aoristic
-p	-Prf	Perfect-stative
-j	-Pro	Progressive-prospective

Polarity

Polarity Suffixes

Suffix	Tag	Description
-ø	-Pos	Positive
-æn	-Neg	Negative
-uk	-Aff	Affirmative
-á	-PQ	Polar Question

K-person's Role

The K-person is either a participant or the argument of the evidential.

K-person's Role Suffixes

Suffix	Tag	Name	Type
-'ok	-KAgt	Agent	participant
-'íl	-KPat	Patient
-'ás	-Imp	Imperative (2nd person) Agent
-'y	-Hrs	Hearsay	evidential
-'es	-Wit	Witness
-'yn	-EN	Epistemic Necessity
-'a	-Fut	Future
-'us	-Jus	Jussive
-'æk	-Img	Imaginative

Associativity

The non-referential suffix -ku -NR occupies both the associativity and the status and number slots.

Appositive nouns are not marked for associativity, status, or number.

Associativity Suffixes

Suffix	Tag	Description
-t	-NA	Non-associative
-f	-Asc	Associative

Status and Number

Status distinguishes common nouns from proper nouns, indicates whether a common noun has an old or new referent, and specifies the number of a new referent.

Status & Number Suffixes

Suffix	Tag	Description
-e	-Def	Old referent
-o	-Sg	New referent singular
-øk	-Du	New referent dual
-in	-Pc	New referent paucal
-al	-Pl	New referent plural
-él	-LN	Location Name
-ys	-PN	Personal Name
-or	-GN	Group Name

Word Examples

The following finite verb example shows all the verb slots, including the benefactive applicative and the progressive-prospective aspect.

'ílsælgósjø'ok
[ʔi˦l.sæl.go˦s.jɚ.ʔok']
'-íl-sæl-g-ós-j-ø-'ok
U-JPat-give-Inv-ABen-Pro-Pos-KAgt
"I'm going to give the jaguar something."

The next one is a compound noun using an inverse locative applicative to change "in" into "contain".

bynbødagútin
[bɜ̃.mɚ.dɑ.gu˦.tĩ]
b-ynbø-da-g-ú-t-in
1-water-in-Inv-ALoc-NA-Pc
"my water-containers"

Cases

Case is either marked by enclitic particles or unmarked (absolutive). The marked cases are shown in the following table:

Enclitic Case Markers

Word	Tag	Name
-	Gen	Genitive
yo	Voc	Vocative
dé	Loc	Locative
-	Ins	Instrumental
pós	Ben	Benefactive
-	Mal	Malefactive
fes	Top	Topical

Derivational Morphology

A given root syllable can be used as both a verb root and a noun root, according to which affixes appear. Sometimes the meanings are related, as in ? for the verb "lead" and the nouns "head" and "first".

Noun derivation is limited to the following:

1. In many cases, non-verbal nouns are made up of a classifier + a noun root; in others, this combination is monolithic.
2. Participant nouns and action nouns (verbal nouns) are derived from verb roots.
3. Verbal nouns may incorporate non-verbal nouns.

There's no verb derivation.

Pronouns

Personal Pronouns

The personal pronouns are noun forms. They may take number suffixes even though they're semantically definite. For the 3rd person coreferential, number is supplied by the original reference. The valid combinations of person prefix and status and number suffix are shown in the following table; entries marked default are unmarked unless associativity must be marked:

Person Pronouns

Prefix	Tag	Description	Singular	Dual	Paucal	Plural	Definite
b-	1	1st person	default	-	-	-	-
k-	2	2nd person	default	OK	OK	OK	-
j-	Incl	Inclusive person	-	default	OK	OK	-
s-	3C	3rd person coreferential	-	-	-	-	default
'-	U	Unspecified	normally not marked

Interrogative Pronouns

page started: 2017.Apr.04 Tue
current date: 2017.Apr.09 Sun
content and form originated by qiihoskeh

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