Legend: Definitions, Terms, <Text>, [IPA], -Tags-, and "Glosses".
The 3rd person pronouns, including null ones, are never cataphoric, so the full phrase must appear in the first clause with the pronouns appearing in later clauses. This means that host clauses, rather than their subordinates, will contain the pronouns.
Auxiliaries exist in complementary pairs (necessity and possibility). There are 4 pairs relevant to Jun04: epistemic, deontic, volitive, and natural. In translations involving negation, it may be necessary to use the following logical formulas:
not Necessity (Content) = Possibility (not Content)
not Possibility (Content) = Necessity (not Content)
Since the epistemic modals modify whole sentences, they appear as post-final particles and negation applies to the final content verb, not to the modal. Necessity EN is shogo and possibility EP is tubi.
The deontic modals are Class 3 verbs and negation applies to the modal. The necessity modal poda DN is used when the content situation is required and the possibility modal sere DP is used when the content situation is permitted.
The volitive modals are Class 1 verbs and negation applies to the modal. The necessity modal hau VN denotes desire and the possibility modal bokˇu VP denotes lack of desire to avoid.
The natural modals appear as derivational suffixes and negation applies to the modal. The possibility modal -yosˇu NP is one of potential and the necessity modal -kashˇu NN is one of inevitability.
The conative derivation indicates that the action was attempted.
Jun04 has no productive secondary predicate constructions. Instead, the following strategies are used.
A depictive construction represents a situation current when an event occurs. To translate a depictive, a temporal adjunct clause must be used for the situation; its aspect is perfect. The event is represented by the host clause.
A resultative construction represents some action applied to an entity resulting in a particular state of that entity. The affected entity is the patient of the action. In Jun04, the action is represented by an adjunct clause and the resulting state is represented by the host clause.
Jun04 contrafactual verbs appear in conditions and conclusions. Unlike in English, the same construction (minus any post-final particle) is used for both. Also, all non-redundant simple and compound indicative tenses have contrafactual counterparts, unlike in English which uses the same constructions for things that are distinct in Jun04; this makes example translations difficult.
page started: 2016.Jun.15 Wed
current date: 2016.Jun.29 Wed
content and form originated by qiihoskeh
Table of Contents