Legend: Definitions, Terms, <Text>, [IPA], -Tags-, and "Glosses".
This section covers how the arguments of certain verbs are used.
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The manner, degree, or source connection point is used for material or source (ablative). If an adverb is also needed, the line must be split. The patient, theme, or locatee connection point is used for the product.
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The patient, theme, or locatee connection point is used for the destination (allative). The manner, degree, or source connection point is used for the origin (ablative). If an adverb is also needed (usually only if there's no other verb), the line must be split. The location connection point is used for the route. So, this verb does the work of 3 adpositions at once.
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There's also a verb for direction, using the patient, theme, or locatee connection point for "towards" and the manner, degree, or source connection point for "away from".
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For several verbs denoting emotions and related conditions (such as "hungry", "thirsty", and "sleepy"), the agent, donor, or actor connecting point is used for specifying the entity that triggers the emotion, etc.
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The perceiver or entity to which the mental state applies is represented by the recipient or beneficiary phrase or pronoun, leaving the agent, donor, or actor for the cause (which may coreference the perceiver or the thing perceived).
Absolute time is specified with respect to the moment of utterance (in the case of direct speech, this is the original time, not the time of the quotation). Relative time is specified with respect to some particular event.
The K-person is equivalent to the speaker in statements and to the addressee in questions while the L-person is equivalent to the addressee in statements and to the speaker in questions. The questions may be either polar questions or content questions.
Modality is from the perspective of an implicit K-person evaluator. The tense of the evaluation is absolute present.
Modals tend to come in complementary pairs, one for necessity and one for possibility. Logical negation of one is semantically equivalent to the other applied to a logically negated content verb.
Deontic modality is concerned with social factors of necessity and possibility while epistemic modality is concerned with logical factors. Since deontic modals are represented by verbs, the social factors may be made explicit using the agent, donor, or actor connecting point for the entity requiring or permitting. For both of these modalities, necessity is sometimes translated by "must" and possibility by "may". Volitive modality is concerned with the will of the referent of the agent, donor, or actor. Natural modality is concerned with physical factors of necessity and possibility; natural possibility is sometimes translated by "can".
Possibly allow the deontic or volitive agent to default to the evaluator?
A verb subordinate to an epistemic modal may have any relative tense. When an epistemic modal appears, either informing (if the sentence is a statement) or asking for information (if the sentence is a question) is implied, the information being the evaluation.
The patient, theme, or locatee connection point is used for the subordinate verb. As long as the agent, donor, or actor is the K-person, the recipient or beneficiary is the L-person, the time when is absolute present, and the other 4 connecting points are unused, the abbreviated form of the modal appears; otherwise, the full form must be used.
The imperative mood is semantically imperative, hortative, or jussive, depending on what the agent, donor, or actor connecting point is used for. If it's a 2 or 23 pronoun, the interpretation is imperative (a direct command). If it's a 12 or 123 pronoun, the interpretation is hortative. Otherwise, the interpretation is jussive.
The patient, theme, or locatee connection point is used for the subordinate verb. As long as the agent, donor, or actor is the speaker, the recipient or beneficiary is the addressee, the time when is absolute present, and the other 4 connecting points are unused, the abbreviated form of the mood appears; otherwise, the full form must be used.
Given that a particular verb is marked with or defaults to stative/perfect aspect, if the agent, donor, or actor connecting point is used, the aspect is resolved to perfect and otherwise to stative. Given that a particular verb is marked with or defaults to aoristic/progressive aspect, this is resolved to progressive if the tense is absolute present or is on the durative side of a durative-aoristic relation and to aoristic if the verb is on the aoristic side of a durative-aoristic relation. In other cases, the aspect remains ambiguous.
The perfect aspect is typically translated as perfect in English while the prospective aspect is typically translated as an English prospective. The perfect may also be used in translating relative past tense, with the prospective used for relative future. The progressive aspect is typically translated as an English progressive.
When used as auxiliaries, certain verbs imply a particular tense relationship with the subordinate verb. In this case, a time when line connecting the auxiliary and subordinate verbs isn't used, but otherwise, it's required. The verbs and tenses are listed in the following table:
| Auxiliary | Tag | Relative Tense |
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| tell | past | |
| ask | past | |
| require | DN | present |
| permit | DP | present |
| want | VN | future |
| OK with | VP | future |
| IM | future | |
With auxiliaries of perception, if the marked relative tense is past or future, or if the time of the subordinate verb is pluractional, the perception is evidentially indirect; otherwise, it's evidentially direct.
A sentence subordinate to "imagine" or "wish" is contrafactual.
page started: 2015.Nov.26 Thu
current date: 2015.Dec.10 Thu
content and form originated by qiihoskeh
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