Legend: Definitions, Terms, <Text>, <Text>, [IPA], -Tags-, and "Glosses".
The following table shows the possible components of a verb form:
| Order | Name | Contents | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1st Argument | pronominal | null = explicit or undefined |
| 2 | Polarity | other | null = Positive |
| 3 | Aspect | other | null = stative-perfect or subordinate |
| 4 | Scalar Precision | other | null = medium or non-scalar |
| 5 | Scalar Extension | other | null = not extended or non-scalar |
| 6 | Verb Stem | verb stem | required |
| 7 | 2nd Argument | pronominal | null = explicit or undefined |
| 8 | 3rd Argument | , + pronominal | null = explicit or undefined or omitted |
Scalar words are inflected for extension and precision along with any other appropriate inflections.
| Prefix | Tag | Name | Applies to | Examples | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| )- | )- | Max- | Maximal | Positive | "as hot as possible" |
| (- | (- | Min- | Minimal | Negative | "as cold as possible" |
| ?- | ?- | Q- | Interrogative | Absolute | "how hot?" |
| !- | !- | Sat- | Satisfactive | Positive, Negative, Normative | "hot enough", "so hot" |
Scalar precision may be marked by a prefix or using a phrase; only the first is covered in this subsection.
| Prefix | Tag | Name | Examples | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| /T- | /T- | Tight | Tight | "slightly", "precisely", "by a little" |
| Medium | ||||
| /L- | /L- | Loose | Loose | "very", "roughly", "by a lot" |
All verbs are inflected for aspect and polarity.
The aspect prefixes apply to verbs and precede any scalar inflection:
| Prefix | Tag | Name | Notes | Applies to | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| {- | {- | Exp- | Experiential | relative indefinite past | all |
| Stative or Perfect | perfect in entry-to-state context | ||||
| :- | :- | Cul- | Culminative | entry-to-state point | |
| *- | *- | Pro- | Prospective or Progressive | progressive iff process or scalar state verb | |
| }- | }- | Eve- | Eventual | relative indefinite future | |
| /B- | /B- | Inc- | Inceptive | start of process | VU_, VC_ |
| /P- | /P- | Pau- | Pausative | interruption of process | |
| /R- | /R- | Rsm- | Resumptive | resumption of process | |
| /S- | /S- | Sem- | Semelfactive | single unit of process | VU_ |
| /M- | /M- | Ctu- | Continuative | continued process or state | non VE_ |
| Aspect | Action Types | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| VS_ | Scalar | VB_ | Binary | VH_ | Habitual | VU_ | Unitizable | VC_ | Culminating | VE_ | Event | |
| Exp- | has been hot | has seen | has inhabited | has walked | has cooked | has broken | ||||||
| Pro- | is getting hot | is going to see | is moving into | is walking | is cooking | is going to break | ||||||
| Inc- | started getting hot | - | started moving into | started to walk | started to cook | - | ||||||
| Pau- | stopped getting hot | - | stopped moving into | stopped walking | stopped cooking | - | ||||||
| Rsm- | resumed getting hot | - | resumed moving into | resumed walking | resumed cooking | - | ||||||
| Cul- | got hot | suddenly saw | moved into | finished walking | finished cooking | broke | ||||||
| Sem- | - | - | - | took a step | - | - | ||||||
| is/has gotten hot | sees | inhabits | has finished walking | has finished cooking | is/has broken | |||||||
| Ctu- | is still hot | still sees | still inhabits | is still walking | is still cooking | is still broken | ||||||
| Eve- | will be hot | will see | will inhabit | will walk | will cook | will break | ||||||
The negative polarity verb prefix is ^- ^- Neg-, which appears before the aspect position.
All but the impersonal verbs are inflected for person (a few other words are also inflected for person). A verb may have from 0 to 3 arguments, depending on the verb's argument structure class; these may appear as personal inflections. There are 3 slots: (1) before the polarity position, (2) immediately after the verb, and (3) preceded by the 3rd argument marker (, , Obl). The semantic role for each slot also depends on the verb's argument structure class. There may also be prepositional phrases; for purposes of coreference, the first of these may be considered a 4th argument.
The argument structure class labels combine with the action type labels to form the labels used in the lexicon.
| Label | Name | Slot 1 | Slot 2 | Slot 3 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| V_I | Impersonal | - | - | - |
| V_A | Unergative | Actor | - | - |
| V_P | Unaccusative | - | Subject | - |
| V_R | Relational | Locatee | Location | - |
| V_T | Transitive | Agent | Patient | - |
| V_D | Ditransitive | Donor | Theme | Recipient |
Each argument defined by the verb's argument structure class must be manifest, either as an affix or as a phrase. Many of the following (those referring to persons) can be modified by using the associative marker (& & Asc), which immediately follows the personal affix. E.g. 1& 1& is 1st person exclusive plural.
| Affix | Tag | Description | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Phrasal | argument appears as phrase, is relativized, or is not defined | |||
| 0 | 0 | Uns | Unspecified | needed only if defined |
| 1 | 1 | 1 | Speaker | |
| 2 | 2 | 2 | Addressee(s) | only those present |
| 3 | 3 | Icl | Inclusive | |
| 4 | 4 | Rfx | Reflexive | patient or recipient only |
| 5 | 5 | Rel | Relative Pronoun | indicates a relative clause |
| 6 | 6 | HA1 | 1st Host Argument | coreferential with argument of matrix or linked clause |
| 7 | 7 | HA2 | 2nd Host Argument | |
| 8 | 8 | HA3 | 3rd Host Argument | |
| 9 | 9 | HA4 | 4th Host Argument | |
| % | % | Aux | Auxiliary | defines a complement clause argument |
| ~ | ~ | Inv | Inverse | swaps the roles of the 1st and 2nd arguments |
| ? | ? | Q | Interrogative | limited to certain verbs |
page started: 2019.Jan.15 Tue
current date: 2019.Jan.16 Wed
content and form originated by qiihoskeh
Table of Contents