The attributive case is used for each word in a phrase (barring embedded arguments) except the last, which takes one of the other case endings and is usually the noun.
The copular case marks the phrase as being a predicate; this is used in clauses of definition and related constructs.
The agentive case is used for the donor argument. The patientive case is used for the theme argument. The dative case is used for the recipient argument.
The agentive case is used for the most agent-like argument. The patientive case is used for the most patient-like argument. The dative case may be used to specify a location. However, if the verb is derived from an adposition (this also applies to the adpositions), the location argument is specified by the dative case and the other argument by either the patientive or agentive case, as with Fluid-S univalent verbs.
C1 has Fluid-S alignment for some univalent verbs and Split-S for the rest. The agentive case is used when the subject is active. The patientive case is used when the subject is passive. The dative case may be used to specify a location.
The imperative mood is used for commands, with the agentive phrase specifying the person(s) commanded; if no agentive argument is present, the 2nd person of indefinite number is implied. The agentive argument may also be something other than 2nd person. If it's the inclusive person, the clause is hortative. If it's the 3rd person, the clause is jussive. If it's the 1st person, the clause is jussive, or possibly performative with certain verbs.
The subjunctive mood is primarily used in the complement clauses of certain auxiliary verbs, such as ker- "want". It's also used in result clause to indicate a potential result and has an optative interpretation in main clauses.
The past, present, and future tense suffixes have different interprations depending on the form they occur in, the type of verb, and the type of clause or construct the verb appears in. They represent absolute tense in main clauses and relative clauses and relative tense in complement clauses and adjunct clauses. They represent aspects on depictive, resultative, and participial forms. For static verbs, the retrospective is a resulting state or possibly just a state; the progressive is a transition to that state.
The contrafactual is used in both condition and conclusion clauses.
| Tense | Condition Gloss | Conclusion Gloss |
|---|---|---|
| past | "if Y had Xed" | "Y would have Xed" |
| present | "if Y were Xing" | "Y would be Xing" |
| future | "if Y Xed" | "Y would X" |
page started: 2012.Jul.27 Fri
current date: 2012.Jul.30 Mon
content and form originated by qiihoskeh
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