The basic pronominals are the local persons, the special pronominals, and the indexes. Additional pronouns and determiners are mostly derived from these.
The local persons are declined like nouns. They are
| Description | Tag | Root |
|---|---|---|
| 1st person | 1- | m- |
| 2nd person | 2- | t- |
| inclusive person | N- | c- |
The special pronominals take only the case endings. They include
| Description | Tag | Root |
|---|---|---|
| content question | Q- | q- |
| relative pronoun | R- | y- |
| clause terminator | T- | k- |
| unspecified | U- | 0- |
| existential | X- | ex- |
The indexes pronominals are b-, d-, g-, j-, h-, and ñ.
When an index is used as a determiner with the suffix -ex-, the phrase containing it has a specific indefinite reference, serving to introduce the entity referred to. Afterwards, the index is used as a pronoun to refer to that entity. The index may also be used as a determiner without -ex-; in this case the phrase is definite. This form is also used with demonstratives and proper nouns.
cu vida bexo doaga. ba blanka. "I saw a dog. It was white."
bo Joanu do stula seda. bu da frakta. "John sat on the chair. He broke it."
When a speaker needs a new index, it's generally one whose referent is no longer current that's chosen. (More study is needed.)
The demonstratives are quasi-participial forms functioning as determiners and pronouns. Most of them are derived from basic pronouns by the addition of -il. For each demonstrative, there's a corresponding locational verb, derived by replacing the l in the stem with s.
| Demonstrative | Locational | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Word | Gloss | Word | Gloss |
| mil | "this/these" | mis- | "here" |
| cil | cis- | ||
| til | "that/those" | tis- | "there" |
| ??? | ???- | ||
| lal | "yon" | las- | "yonder" |
| qil | "which?" | qis- | "where?" |
page started: 2012.Jul.27 Fri
current date: 2012.Jul.28 Sat
content and form originated by qiihoskeh
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